RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Infections with SARS-CoV-2 have a pronounced impact on the gastrointestinal tract and its resident microbiome. Clear differences between severe cases of infection and healthy individuals have been reported, including the loss of commensal taxa. We aimed to understand if microbiome alterations including functional shifts are unique to severe cases or a common effect of COVID-19. We used high-resolution systematic multi-omic analyses to profile the gut microbiome in asymptomatic-to-moderate COVID-19 individuals compared to a control group. RESULTS: We found a striking increase in the overall abundance and expression of both virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes in COVID-19. Importantly, these genes are encoded and expressed by commensal taxa from families such as Acidaminococcaceae and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae, which we found to be enriched in COVID-19-positive individuals. We also found an enrichment in the expression of a betaherpesvirus and rotavirus C genes in COVID-19-positive individuals compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses identified an altered and increased infective competence of the gut microbiome in COVID-19 patients. Video Abstract.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiota , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , SARS-CoV-2/genética , MultiômicaRESUMO
We describe the synthesis of a highly water-soluble cryptophane 1 that can be seen as a universal platform for the construction of (129)Xe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based biosensors. Compound 1 is easily functionalized by Huisgen cycloaddition and exhibits excellent xenon-encapsulation properties. In addition, 1 is nontoxic at the concentrations typically used for hyperpolarized (129)Xe MRI.
Assuntos
Técnicas Biossensoriais/métodos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Compostos Policíclicos/química , Xenônio/química , Química Click , ÁguaRESUMO
Cryptophane-111 is one of the best candidates for (129)Xe MRI-based applications. Herein, we report the first metal-free and water-soluble cryptophane-111 core which involves an efficient and unusual post-synthetic sulfonation procedure.
Assuntos
Compostos Policíclicos/química , Água/química , Metais/química , Solubilidade , Ácidos Sulfônicos/químicaRESUMO
The development of molecular imaging using hyperpolarized xenon MRI needs highly optimized biosensors. Cryptophane-111 and cryptophane-222 are promising candidates that show complementary encapsulation properties although they only differ by the length of the three alkane linkers joining two cyclotriphenolene units. Cryptophanes containing both methoxy and ethoxy linkers have never been synthesized. Here we synthesize two new cages with intermediate internal volumes, in two steps from cyclotriphenolene.
RESUMO
Cryptophanes, cage molecules for which xenon exhibits a high affinity, are good candidates for xenon biosensing. Cryptophane-1.1.1 (1) exhibits the highest binding constant for xenon encapsulation in organic solution determined to date. This property suggests that the cryptophane-1.1.1 core (1) is optimal for sensing applications. A high-yielding scalable synthesis of compound 1 is reported as well as an easy way to functionalize it.
